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CS253 Inlining

Split Interface and Implementation

• We generally split a non-trivial class into two parts, interface (in the .h file) and implementation (in the .cc) file.
• This way, a user, who only wants to know what the class does, can look at the .h file and see the interface.
• The implementation details, how the class does what it does, are of little interest to the user.
• The implementation code is typically much larger than the interface (one line per method) and so can make the interface hard to find.
• Also, the implementation may be a trade secret. We may wish to hide our source code from our business competitors, and only sell the .h and .o (or library .a) files.

The Problem

• Students often worry too much about optimization.
• Students guess, without data, that the overhead of method calls is slowing down their code, as opposed to their O(n ³) algorithm.
• Therefore, the students foolishly inline their method bodies, putting everything in the .h file.
• This makes reading and maintaining the class quite difficult.
• Do not optimize for speed or space unless you need to.
  • “May I see your profiling data, please?” —Bret McKee, HP

Simple Class

Numbers.h:

class Numbers {
  public:
    static int two(), three();
};

Numbers.cc:

#include "Numbers.h"
int Numbers::two() {
    return 2;
}
int Numbers::three() {
    return 3;
}

main.cc:

#include "Numbers.h"
int main() {
    return Numbers::two() + Numbers::three();
}

Compile with no optimization

% cp ~cs253/Example/Inline/* .
% g++ -Wall -c main.cc
% g++ -Wall -c Numbers.cc
% g++ -Wall main.o Numbers.o
% objdump --no-show-raw-insn --demangle --disassemble | sed '/<main>/,/^$/!d'
0000000000400556 <main>:
  400556:	push   %rbp
  400557:	mov    %rsp,%rbp
  40055a:	push   %rbx
  40055b:	sub    $0x8,%rsp
  40055f:	callq  400574 <Numbers::two()>
  400564:	mov    %eax,%ebx
  400566:	callq  400580 <Numbers::three()>
  40056b:	add    %ebx,%eax
  40056d:	add    $0x8,%rsp
  400571:	pop    %rbx
  400572:	pop    %rbp
  400573:	retq   

• main() called Numbers::two().
• This is not surprising. That’s what we told it to do.

Optimization

There are several optimization arguments to g++:

• -O — general optimization
• -O1 — same as -O
• -O2 — more optimization
• -O3 — tons of optimization

Compile with -O3 optimization

% cp ~cs253/Example/Inline/* .
% g++ -Wall -O3 -c main.cc
% g++ -Wall -O3 -c Numbers.cc
% g++ -Wall -O3 main.o Numbers.o
% objdump --no-show-raw-insn --demangle --disassemble | sed '/<main>/,/^$/!d'
0000000000400470 <main>:
  400470:	push   %rbx
  400471:	callq  400580 <Numbers::two()>
  400476:	mov    %eax,%ebx
  400478:	callq  400590 <Numbers::three()>
  40047d:	add    %ebx,%eax
  40047f:	pop    %rbx
  400480:	retq   

• Instead of main() calling Numbers::two(), and then returning, main() simply transferred control to Numbers::two().
• This is called tail call optimization.
• This is better, but still not optimal. Ideally, if an omniscient being were compiling our code, then main() would simply return the value 2.

Link-Time Optimization

• -flto — Perform link-time optimization

This tells the linker to perform optimization between the individual *.o object files.

Link-time optimization

% cp ~cs253/Example/Inline/* .
% g++ -Wall -O3 -flto -c main.cc
% g++ -Wall -O3 -flto -c Numbers.cc
% g++ -Wall -O3 -flto main.o Numbers.o
% objdump --no-show-raw-insn --demangle --disassemble | sed '/<main>/,/^$/!d'
0000000000400470 <main>:
  400470:	mov    $0x5,%eax
  400475:	retq   

Holy smokes! 😲 The code from Numbers.cc, which was in a completely separate file, got integrated into main()!

Conclusion

• Don’t write methods in the header file.
  • Put them in the *.cc file instead.
  • Interface goes into *.h.
  • Implementation goes into *.cc.
• If speed matters, use g++ -O3 -flto.
• I will occasionally write inline methods, for compact examples. Sorry!