CS253: Software Development with C++

Fall 2019

Template

Template Specialization

made at imgflip.com

In this lab, we will look at some examples of Template Specialization. The files are in ~cs253/Lab/Template.                 

A Bar Graph Template

In 1.cc, we have a program that defines the BarGraph template. Here’s how to use it:                 

    BarGraph<int> alpha;
    alpha += 12;
    alpha += 6;
    alpha += 4;
    alpha += 6;
    alpha.dump();

This create a BarGraph of integers, uses it to count four integers, and then produce this bar graph:                 

     4 *
     6 **
    12 *

This template has several features worth discussion:                 

Advantages of templates

The benefit of a template is its generality. BarGraph should work for any type, as long as it is (think “Duck Typing”):                 

  • copyable (copy ctor & operator=)
  • comparable via <
  • printable via <<

including int, float, string, etc.                 

Disadvantages of templates

Sure, BarGraph works for lots of types, but it’s not the most efficient solution for all types. It uses a map, which is a general solution, but that generality is not always needed.                 

Consider 2.cc, which introduces template specialization. It features a hand-written version BarGraph<bool>. This is a version of BarGraph tuned specially for counting booleans. Of course, the general version of BarGraph still exists, so it works for all other types, too.                 

The specialization BarGraph<bool> is:

Of course, it’s possible that g++’s implemention of map has a specialization for map<bool,whatever> that is smaller & faster in just that way. Who knows?                 

Exercises

  1. Copy 2.cc to 3.cc, and modify that from now on.
  2. Instead of .dump(), overload << so that you can insert a BarGraph object into an ostream.
  3. Create a specialization for BarGraph<char> that uses more efficient storage than a map. How can you portably determine the range of possible values for a char? (Try the numeric_limits class, provided by <limits>.)
  4. Add an operator so that you can do graph += "foo" for a BarGraph<char>. This should be equivalent to:
        graph += 'f';
        graph += 'o';
        graph += 'o';